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	<title>Skydiamond &#187; Linux</title>
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	<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org</link>
	<description>Internet ed informatica</description>
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		<title>Personalizzare l&#8217;avvio di Ubuntu con Plymouth</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/personalizzare-lavvio-di-ubuntu-con-plymouth/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/personalizzare-lavvio-di-ubuntu-con-plymouth/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Apr 2011 15:34:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ubuntu]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=1095</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vediamo come personalizzare lo splash d'avvio di Ubuntu e installare dei temi adatti a personalizzare al massimo la nostra distro preferita fin dai primi secondi dopo l'accensione.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Come già vi <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/usplash-plymouth/" target="_blank">avevamo anticipato nel 2008</a> il nuovo sistema per l&#8217;avvio del sistema sarebbe presto diventato <a title="Plymouth home page" href="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/Plymouth" target="_blank">Plymouth</a>, un applicativo che serve a sfruttare la scheda <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a> in Kernel Mode tramite i KMS, rendendo più fluido e più rapido l&#8217;avvio. In pratica in questa fase il server X sfrutta i driver della scheda <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Ubuntu_Plymouth_Theme_Mandriva.png" rel="lightbox[1095]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1103" title="Ubuntu_Plymouth_Theme_Mandriva" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Ubuntu_Plymouth_Theme_Mandriva-300x225.png" alt="Ubuntu Plymouth Theme Mandriva 300x225 Personalizzare lavvio di Ubuntu con Plymouth" width="300" height="225" /></a></p>
<p><span id="more-1095"></span>Vediamo come personalizzare lo splash d&#8217;avvio di <a title="Articoli relativi ad Ubuntu" href="/tag/ubuntu/">Ubuntu</a> e installare dei temi adatti a personalizzare al massimo la nostra distro preferita fin dai primi secondi dopo l&#8217;accensione. La cosa migliore sarebbe quella di rendere omogenei tutti i temi scelti fin dalla schermata di <a title="GRUB splashimages" href="http://www.skydiamond.org/wiki/index.php?title=Splashimages_GRUB" target="_blank">GRUB</a>.</p>
<p>Per personalizzare Plymouth prima di tutto bisogna installare i pacchetti relativi ai temi. Un buon inizio è sicuramente installare tramite synaptic o apt tutti i temi disponibili sulla nostra distribuzione di <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/ubuntu/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>. Poi possiamo accertarci del corretto funzionamento tramite <strong><em>update-aplternatives</em></strong>:</p>
<p><code>update-alternatives --list default.plymouth</code></p>
<p><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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<script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script>
</p>
<p>Che dovrebbe produrre come output qualcosa del genere:</p>
<p><code>/lib/plymouth/themes/fade-in/fade-in.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/glow/glow.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/sabily/sabily.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/solar/solar.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/spinfinity/spinfinity.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo.plymouth<br />
/lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntustudio-logo/ubuntustudio-logo.plymouth<br />
</code></p>
<p>Per scegliere il tema da utilizzare con Plymouth basta utilizzare il seguente comando:</p>
<p><code>sudo update-alternatives --config default.plymouth</code></p>
<p>Comparirà un elenco dei temi disponibili da scegliere tramite un numero identificativo:</p>
<p><em>Sono disponibili 7 scelte per l&#8217;alternativa default.plymouth (che fornisce /lib/plymouth/themes/default.plymouth).</em></p>
<p><em>Selezione    Percorso                                                           Priorità  Stato<br />
&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
* 0            /lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntustudio-logo/ubuntustudio-logo.plymouth   150       modalità automatica<br />
1            /lib/plymouth/themes/fade-in/fade-in.plymouth                       10        modalità manuale<br />
2            /lib/plymouth/themes/glow/glow.plymouth                             10        modalità manuale<br />
3            /lib/plymouth/themes/sabily/sabily.plymouth                         60        modalità manuale<br />
4            /lib/plymouth/themes/solar/solar.plymouth                           10        modalità manuale<br />
5            /lib/plymouth/themes/spinfinity/spinfinity.plymouth                 10        modalità manuale<br />
6            /lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo/ubuntu-logo.plymouth               100       modalità manuale<br />
7            /lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntustudio-logo/ubuntustudio-logo.plymouth   150       modalità manuale</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Premere Invio per mantenere il valore predefinito[*] o digitare il numero della selezione:</em></p>
<p>Se volete installare il tema come nell&#8217;immagine sopra (come spiegato anche <a href="http://ronin117.blogspot.com/2010/08/mibubuntu-plymouth-theme-su-ubuntu-1004.html" target="_blank">qui</a>) non avete altro da fare se non scaricare il relativo tema a <a href="http://love2spooge.deviantart.com/art/MIB-Ubuntu-Plymouth-Theme-170195920" target="_blank">questo indirizzo</a> e copiarlo in <em>/lib/plymouth/themes/</em>, fatto ciò, sempre tramite update-alternatives avrete settato il vostro tema preferito. Ricordate alla fine di dare un:</p>
<p><code>sudo update-initramfs -u</code></p>
<p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</p></p>
<p>Ora potete sbizzarrirvi a personalizzare l&#8217;avvio della vostra Linux-Box per rendere il suo stile maggiormente conforme alle vostre aspettative. Stupirete anche gli utenti Mac. <img src='http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt="icon smile Personalizzare lavvio di Ubuntu con Plymouth" class='wp-smiley' title="Personalizzare lavvio di Ubuntu con Plymouth" /> </p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Correggere il colore blu dei video su VLC e simili</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/correggere-il-colore-blu-dei-video-vlc/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/correggere-il-colore-blu-dei-video-vlc/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2010 16:21:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ubuntu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=977</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Guida alla correzione del colore blu dei video su VLC e Ubuntu.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Se siete tra quei pochi che appena aprono un <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a> tutto prende uno strano colore blu, niente paura. Adesso la soluzione a tutti i vostri mali e la cancellazione dell&#8217;<em>effetto puffo</em> è a portata di mano. Basta semplicemente andare sulle preferenze del pannello di controllo del vostro driver catalyst della scheda video (NVIDIA o ATI per esempio) e cercare tra i parametri video la parola <strong>hue</strong> (<em>colore</em>) dovrebbe esserci una barra che vi permetterà di sistemare la colorazione nei video. <a href="http://forum.videolan.org/viewtopic.php?f=2&amp;t=45104" target="_blank">Qui</a> trovate anche il thread sul forum di VLC che entra nel dettaglio.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Hue_Video_Correction_Blu.jpg" rel="lightbox[977]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-978" title="Correzione del blu nei video" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Hue_Video_Correction_Blu-300x117.jpg" alt="Hue Video Correction Blu 300x117 Correggere il colore blu dei video su VLC e simili" width="300" height="117" /></a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Video Flash su Ubuntu 10.04 x86_64 con nspluginwrapper</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/video-flash-su-ubuntu-10-04-x86_64-con-nspluginwrapper/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/video-flash-su-ubuntu-10-04-x86_64-con-nspluginwrapper/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Jun 2010 16:29:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Firefox]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Flash]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ubuntu]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=890</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Far funzionare i controlli dei video YouTube su Ubuntu 10.04 a 64 bit. I controlli non sembrano rispondere e bisogna inserire un codice per sistemare la cosa.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sto provando la nuova <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/ubuntu/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> Lucid Lynx 10.04, versione LTS, a 64 bit. Devo dire che per la mia configurazione non è niente male. Risulta essere alquanto stabile e veloce e si trovano tutti i programmi che servono, essendo basata sui pacchetti deb ed essendo per l&#8217;appunto <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/ubuntu/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>. Nell&#8217;ultimo periodo per il mio quadcore avevo utilizzato <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/fedora/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Fedora">Fedora</a> 11 e volevo fare il salto direttamente a <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/fedora/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Fedora">Fedora</a> 13 Goddard, ma ho dovuto tornare sui miei passi visto che questa versione non risultava affatto stabile sulla mia configurazione attuale.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Ubuntu_Lucid_Flash_64bit.jpg" rel="lightbox[890]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-892" title="Il player Flash a 32 bit su Ubuntu 64 Lynx" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Ubuntu_Lucid_Flash_64bit-300x124.jpg" alt="Ubuntu Lucid Flash 64bit 300x124 Video Flash su Ubuntu 10.04 x86 64 con nspluginwrapper" width="300" height="124" /></a></p>
<p>Tutto su Ubuntu sembrava andare bene, tranne che per quanto riguardava Adobe <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/flash/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Flash">Flash</a> player 10, distribuito da Ubuntu in <strong>versione 32 bit con nspluginwrapper</strong>. Questo player non sembrava andare d&#8217;accordo con <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/firefox/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Firefox">Firefox</a> e così ho deciso bene di capirci qualcosa. Sul <a href="http://forum.ubuntu-it.org/index.php/topic,391841.msg3041269.html#msg3041269" target="_blank">forum di Ubuntu</a> ho trovato qualcuno che lamentava dei problemi simili ai miei, cioé <strong>i controlli dei <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a> (play, pause, ecc.)</strong> e dei componenti Flash sembravano non andare neanche morti.</p>
<p>La soluzione consisterebbe nell&#8217;introduzione della seguente stringa nella penultima riga del file <em>/usr/lib/nspluginwrapper/i386/linux/npviewer</em>:</p>
<p><code>export GDK_NATIVE_<a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/windows/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Windows">WINDOWS</a>=1</code></p>
<p>Tutto così sembra riuscire a funzionare anche su Firefox. Provate e fatemi sapere se questo piccolo trick sortisce gli effetti sperati. Finora a me funziona. <img src='http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt="icon wink Video Flash su Ubuntu 10.04 x86 64 con nspluginwrapper" class='wp-smiley' title="Video Flash su Ubuntu 10.04 x86 64 con nspluginwrapper" /> </p>
<p><span id="more-890"></span>C&#8217;è anche la possibilità di installare la versione beta plugin Flash a 64 bit per Linux. Purtroppo proprio oggi Adobe ha affermato di non essere più intenzionata allo sviluppo della versione a 64 bit per Linux. Prima di procedere all&#8217;installazione del plugin a 64 bit assicuriamoci di aver disinstallato i pacchetti nspluginwrapper, flashplugin-installer, flashplugin-nonfree, mozilla-plugin-gnash, swfdec-mozilla.</p>
<p>Scaricate il plugin, scompattatelo e e spostate il file &#8220;libflashplayer.so&#8221; nella cartella &#8220;<strong>/home/nome_utente/.mozilla/plugins</strong>&#8220;. Ovviamente così il plugin sarà utilizzato solo dall&#8217;utente proprietario della home in questione se volete installarlo per tutti gli utenti spostate il relativo plugin in &#8220;<strong>/usr/lib/mozilla/plugins</strong>&#8221; e il gioco è fatto.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Installare Skype su Fedora dai repositories</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/installare-skype-su-fedora-dai-repositories/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/installare-skype-su-fedora-dai-repositories/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2010 12:31:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fedora]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[yum]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=882</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Skype non si trova sui repositories ufficiali di Fedora. Per installarlo automaticamente basta seguire queste semplici operazioni. ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Skype non si trova sui repositories ufficiali di <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/fedora/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Fedora">Fedora</a>. Per installarlo automaticamente basta seguire queste semplici operazioni. Prima di tutto inserire le chiavi GPG dei pacchetti:<br />
<code>gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys 0xD66B746E<br />
gpg -a -o /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-skype --export 0xD66B746E</code></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/tux_skype.png" rel="lightbox[882]"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-884" title="Skype su Linux" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/tux_skype.png" alt="tux skype Installare Skype su Fedora dai repositories" width="350" height="416" /></a></p>
<p>Una volta importata la chiava GPG creiamo il file di configurazione del repository per <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/yum/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con yum">yum</a> <strong>/etc/yum.repos.d/skype.repo</strong>:</p>
<p><code>[skype]<br />
name=Skype Repository<br />
baseurl=http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/fedora/updates/i586/<br />
#gpgkey=http://www.skype.com/products/skype/linux/rpm-public-key.asc<br />
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-skype<br />
enabled=1<br />
gpgcheck=1</code></p>
<p>Per la prima installazione basterà dare i seguenti comandi:</p>
<p><code>yum check-update<br />
yum install skype --nogpgcheck</code></p>
<p>Fonte: <a href="http://fedorasolved.org/multimedia-solutions/installing-skype" target="_blank">http://fedorasolved.org/multimedia-solutions/installing-skype</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/configurare-manualmente-una-connessione-wireless/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/configurare-manualmente-una-connessione-wireless/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2009 15:06:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bash]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Computer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Debian]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DNS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GNU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sid]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wi-Fi]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=850</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Configurare manualmente una connessione tramite il file /etc/network/interfaces]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vediamo come configurare manualmente la nostra distribuzione Linux affinché essa possa connettersi automaticamente ad una rete infrastrutturale o Ad-Hoc richiamando le configurazioni impostate nel file /etc/network/interfaces.</p>
<h2>Il file /etc/network/interfaces</h2>
<p>Le <strong>distribuzioni <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/gnu/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con GNU">GNU</a>/Linux</strong> (solitamente) memorizzano le <strong>impostazioni relative alle schede di rete</strong> in alcuni file di testo che vengono letti ad ogni avvio per l’utilizzo delle configurazioni in essi contenute. Questo file è /etc/network/interfaces, vediamo in breve <strong>di cosa si tratta</strong>.</p>
<p>In realtà non sarebbe necessario memorizzare le configurazioni delle <strong>schede di rete</strong> in questo file. Infatti, con le giuste opzioni e varie sintassi, tramite i comandi <em>ifconfig</em> [1] e <em>route</em> [2] possiamo <strong>configurare la nostra scheda di rete</strong>. Certo che doverlo fare <strong>ad ogni avvio del sistema</strong> diventa noioso, per questo memorizzare tutto all’interno di un file di testo e’ cosi’ utile.</p>
<p>In questo modo per <strong>attivare/disattivare</strong> la scheda di rete <em>ethN</em> (dove N e’ un numero, la prima scheda di rete e’ <em>eth0</em>, poi <em>eth1</em> e così via) basterà dare il seguente <strong>comando</strong>:<br />
<code># ifup eth0<br />
# ifdown eth0</code><br />
le varie <strong>configurazioni</strong>, <strong>parametri</strong>, ecc. verranno presi <strong>automaticamente</strong> dal file <em>/etc/network/interfaces</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Network_Interfaces.jpg" rel="lightbox[850]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-861" title="Network Interfaces on LINUX" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Network_Interfaces-291x300.jpg" alt="Network Interfaces 291x300 Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless" width="291" height="300" /></a></p>
<p><span id="more-850"></span>Il file <em>/etc/network/interfaces</em> è <strong>suddiviso in blocchi</strong>, ognuno dei quali definisce un’interfaccia di rete. Solitamente il <strong>primo</strong> blocco è relativo a <em>lo</em> (definisce l’indirizzo <em>127.0.0.1</em> per il <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/computer/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Computer">computer</a> locale), ed è il seguente:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">auto lo
iface lo inet loopback</pre></div></div>

<p>La <strong>prima riga</strong> con l’opzione <em>auto</em> indica al sistema di <strong>configurare</strong> questa interfaccia <strong>automaticamente</strong> ad ogni avvio. Il comando <em>iface</em>, contenuto nella <strong>seconda riga</strong>, indica la sezione che definisce un’interfaccia, l’interfaccia e’ <em>lo</em>, viene utilizzato il <strong>protocollo <a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4">IPv4</a></strong> (inet) e viene configurata come <em>loopback</em>.</p>
<p>Il discorso non e’ poi molto diverso per le <strong>schede di rete</strong>, ad esempio, per una scheda di rete in cui l’<strong>assegnazione</strong> dei parametri identificativi non sia automatica il contenuto sara’ simile a questo:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.2
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.0.0
broadcast 192.168.0.255
gateway 192.168.0.254</pre></div></div>

<p>A questo punto occorre spiegare un po’ troppe cose, cerco di farlo in modo molto (forse troppo) breve: <strong>adress</strong> e’ l’indirizzo che ci identifica all’interno della rete interna (non e’ quindi l’indirizzo <acronym title="Internet Protocol">IP</acronym> tramite il quale veniamo identificati in internet); <strong>netmask</strong> e <strong>network</strong> definiscono la rete; <strong>broadcast</strong> e’ l’indirizzo che raggiunge i vari host della rete; <strong>gatewy</strong> e’ un tramite tra la nostra rete e le altre (compresa internet).</p>
<p>Nel caso in cui ci troviamo in presenza di un <strong>server <acronym title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</acronym></strong> e vogliamo che sia questo ad assegnare <strong>automaticamente</strong> i dati necessari, nel file <em>interfaces</em> sara’ questo il <strong>contenuto</strong> relativo alla nostra scheda di rete:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">iface eth0 inet dhcp</pre></div></div>

<p>I due esempi visti sopra (static e dhcp) possono contenere anche altre opzioni, ad esempio:</p>
<pre>allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp</pre>
<p>la prima riga serve per far <strong>configurare</strong> l’interfaccia <em>eth0</em> appena viene <strong>identificata</strong>. E’ un’opzione molto utile nel caso di <strong>schede di rete USB</strong>, altrimenti e’ sufficiente l’opzione <em>auto</em>:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp</pre></div></div>

<p>Per quanto riguarda il caso di <strong>schede di rete wireless</strong>, <a href="http://idl3.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/howto-configurare-la-connessione-wireless/">vi rimando al post</a> che avevo scritto su questo argomento.</p>
<p>In realta’ queste sono configurazioni veramente di base, basta dare un’occhiata al <strong>manuale di interfaces</strong>:<br />
<code>$ man interfaces</code><br />
per rendersi conto delle <strong>enormi possibilita’ offerte</strong> e delle opzioni possibili.</p>
<p>A titolo di piccolo esempio, e’ possibile <strong>assegnare un alias</strong> per un’interfaccia in questo modo:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">iface eth0:<span style="color: #000000;">1</span> inet static
address 192.168.1.15
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.1.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255</pre></div></div>

<p>In queto modo definiamo un alias (<em>eth0:1</em>) per <em>eth0</em>.</p>
<p>Per quanto riguarda la <strong>risoluzione dei nomi host</strong>, e’ possibile <strong>aggiungere o modificare i <acronym title="Domain Name System"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/dns/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con DNS">DNS</a></acronym></strong> [3<a name="uaafic">]</a> apportando le modifiche nel file /etc/resolv.conf. A esempio:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">nameserver 195.210.91.100</pre></div></div>

<p>indica che verra’ usato un <acronym title="Domain Name System">DNS</acronym> che ha per indirizzo 195.210.91.100. Ma lasciamo perdere, il discorso si complicherebbe. Resta comunque il <strong>consiglio</strong> (per chi volesse <strong>approfondire</strong>) di leggersi le varie <strong>guide</strong> e i <strong>manuali</strong> che trovate in giro per il vostro computer e su internet.</p>
<p>[1] <strong>ifconfig</strong> assegna ad ogni interfaccia di rete un indirizzo IP, la netmask, l’eventuale indirizzo di broadcast, il network e vari parametri.<br />
[2] <strong>route</strong> imposta il gateway e in generale le tabelle di routing.<br />
[3] Il <strong>server DNS</strong> permette di associare un nome host ad un indirizzo.<br />
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<h2>Configurare le connessioni Wireless</h2>
<p>Prima di tutto scarichiamoci l’essenziale per ogni decente <strong>connessione <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/wi-fi/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></strong> (si spera dunque sia protetta da una chiave <acronym title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</acronym> almeno). Installiamo:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">sudo</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">apt-get</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">install</span> wpasupplicant wireless-tools</pre></div></div>

<p>Il pacchetto <em>wpasupplicant</em> fornisce la <strong>negoziazione</strong> di chiavi con l’autenticatore <acronym title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</acronym> e <strong>controlla</strong> le connessioni con le reti IEEE 802.11i (<acronym title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</acronym>2). Invece il pacchetto <em>wireless-tools</em> contiene gli strumenti usati per <strong>manipolare</strong> le <em>Linux Wireless Extensions</em> (un’interfaccia che consente di impostare specifici parametri di una <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/lan/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con LAN">LAN</a> <em>wireless</em> e ottenerne informazioni).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/ISA_PCI_NIC.jpg" rel="lightbox[850]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-872" title="Due schede Ethernet PCI e ISA" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/ISA_PCI_NIC-300x225.jpg" alt="ISA PCI NIC 300x225 Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless" width="300" height="225" /></a></p>
<p>Le <strong>configurazioni della nostra interfaccia di rete</strong> si trovano nel file <em>/etc/network/interfaces</em>. Ma prima di tutto ci occorrono <strong>alcune informazioni</strong> sulla nostra scheda <em>wireless</em>, e le otteniamo con questo <strong>comando</strong>:<br />
<code># iwlist scan</code><br />
E sul <strong>tipo di connessione</strong> (WEP o WPA, dinamica o statica e se statica con quali indirizzi).</p>
<p><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/LAN_schema.png" rel="lightbox[850]"><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-865" title="Schema di una LAN domestica" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/LAN_schema-150x150.png" alt="LAN schema 150x150 Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless" width="150" height="150" /></a>Una volta capito qual’e’ la nostra <strong>scheda</strong> (solitamente <em>wlan0</em>) e quale <strong>protocollo</strong> di protezione dobbiamo usare, possiamo cominciare con la <strong>configurazione</strong> vera e propria, procediamo quindi con la modifica del nostro file <em>interfaces</em> per fare in modo che la connessione avvenga in modo <strong>automatico</strong>.</p>
<p>Supponiamo che il nostro file di configurazione contenga queste righe:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># This file describes the network interfaces available on your system</span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># The loopback network interface</span>
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback</pre></div></div>

<p>o poco piu’ magari quelle relative alla connessione ethernet. A questo punto dobbiamo aggiungerci le righe relative alla nostra connessione wireless.</p>
<p><strong>WIRED EQUIVALENT PRIVACY (<acronym title="Wired Equivalent Privacy">WEP</acronym>)</strong> – Supponendo la nostra <strong>rete Wi-Fi</strong> sia <strong>protetta</strong> dal protocollo <acronym title="Wired Equivalent Privacy">WEP</acronym> al nostro <strong>file</strong> di configurazione:<br />
<code># vim /etc/network/interfaces</code><br />
dobbiamo <strong>aggiungere</strong> le righe relative alla nostra scheda wireless <strong>con <acronym title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</acronym></strong> (mettete il giusto nome della vostra rete e la chiave WPE per l’autenticazione):</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># Scheda di rete wireless con DHCP</span>
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
wireless-channel <span style="color: #000000;">11</span>
wireless-essid <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;NOMERETEWIRELESS&quot;</span>
wireless-key CHIAVEWPE</pre></div></div>

<p>o <strong>con indirizzo statico</strong> (mettete ovviamente gli indirizzi giusti):</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># Scheda di rete wireless con indirizzo statico</span>
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
address 192.168.1.111
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 182.168.1.1
broadcast 192.168.1.255
wireless-channel <span style="color: #000000;">11</span>
wireless-essid <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;NOMERETEWIRELESS&quot;</span>
wireless-key CHIAVEWPE</pre></div></div>

<p>L’assegnazione degli indirizzi <strong>o e’ statica o e’ dinamica</strong>, mai entrambe, quindi nel vostro file di configurazione mettete <strong>solo</strong> quello che corrisponde alla vostra connessione.</p>
<p>A questo punto non resta che <strong>riavviare il sistema</strong>. Potete anche riavviare solo i servizi di rete:<br />
<code># ifdown wlan0<br />
# ifup wlan0</code></p>
<p>Ora <strong>controlliamo</strong> con questo comando:<br />
<code># iwconfig wlan0</code><br />
che tutto sia riconosciuto <strong>correttamente</strong>.</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/wpa_wireless_802_11.jpg" rel="lightbox[850]"><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-866" title="WPA wireless 802.11" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/wpa_wireless_802_11-150x150.jpg" alt="wpa wireless 802 11 150x150 Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless" width="150" height="150" /></a>WI-FI PROTECTED ACCESS (<acronym title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</acronym>)</strong> – Vediamo ora il caso in cui la vostra rete <em>wireless</em> sia protetta dal protocollo <acronym title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA</acronym>. In questo caso dobbiamo modificare il <strong>file</strong> <em>wpa_supplicant.conf</em>:<br />
<code># vim /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf</code><br />
che <strong>deve contenere</strong> quanto segue:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #007800;">network</span>=<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#123;</span>
        <span style="color: #007800;">ssid</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;NOMERETEWIRELESS&quot;</span>
        <span style="color: #007800;">psk</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;CHIAVEWPA&quot;</span>
        <span style="color: #007800;">key_mgmt</span>=WPA-PSK
        <span style="color: #007800;">proto</span>=WPA
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#125;</span></pre></div></div>

<p><a href="http://www.vim.org"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-868" title="Modifica i tuoi files con VIM" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/vim_edited_blue.jpg" alt="vim edited blue Configurare manualmente una connessione wireless" width="64" height="16" /></a>Ora, per <strong>far partire in automatico la connessione</strong>, andiamo a modificare il solito <strong>file di configurazione</strong>:<br />
<code># vim /etc/network/interfaces</code><br />
a cui noi dobbiamo <strong>aggiungere</strong> le righe relative alla nostra scheda wireless <strong>con <acronym title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</acronym></strong> (mettete il giusto nome della vostra rete e la chiave WPA per l’autenticazione):</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># Scheda di rete wireless con DHCP</span>
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
up wpa_supplicant <span style="color: #660033;">-iwlan0</span> -c<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>etc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>wpa_supplicant.conf <span style="color: #660033;">-B</span></pre></div></div>

<p>o <strong>con indirizzo statico</strong> (mettete ovviamente gli indirizzi giusti):</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># Scheda di rete wireless con indirizzo statico</span>
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
address 192.168.1.111
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 182.168.1.1
broadcast 192.168.1.255
wireless-channel <span style="color: #000000;">11</span>
up wpa_supplicant <span style="color: #660033;">-iwlan0</span> -c<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>etc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>wpa_supplicant.conf <span style="color: #660033;">-B</span></pre></div></div>

<p>Anche in questo caso, l’assegnazione degli indirizzi <strong>o e’ statica o e’ dinamica</strong>, mai entrambe, quindi nel vostro file di configurazione mettete <strong>solo</strong> quello che corrisponde alla vostra connessione.</p>
<p>A questo punto non resta che <strong>riavviare il sistema</strong>. Potete anche riavviare solo i servizi di rete:<br />
<code># ifdown wlan0<br />
# ifup wlan0</code></p>
<p>Ora <strong>controlliamo</strong> con questo comando:<br />
<code># iwconfig wlan0</code><br />
che tutto sia riconosciuto <strong>correttamente</strong>.</p>
<p>Se avete dubbi, o volete configurare alcune opzioni particolari, oppure volete semplicemente <strong>approfondire</strong> vi rimando al <a href="http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?interfaces">manuale di interfaces</a>:<br />
<code>$ man interfaces</code></p>
<p><strong>Fonte:</strong> <a href="http://guide.debianizzati.org/index.php/Configurazione_di_una_connessione_wireless">Configurazione di una connessione wireless</a></p>
<p>Questo articolo è nato come rielaborazione di due articoli del <a href="http://idl3.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">blog di Idl3</a> coperti da <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.it">licenza CC BY 3.0</a>:</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://idl3.wordpress.com/2009/12/01/un-accenno-al-file-etcnetworkinterfaces" target="_blank">Un accenno al file /etc/network/interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="http://idl3.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/howto-configurare-la-connessione-wireless/" target="_blank">HowTo: configurare la connessione wireless</a></li>
</ol>
<p><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/configurare-manualmente-una-connessione-wireless/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>GoogleDNS contro OpenDNS</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/googledns-contro-opendns/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/googledns-contro-opendns/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2009 12:12:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Internet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DNS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=837</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Come configurare la risoluzione dei nomi internet con i DNS di Google]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Solitamente quando si parlava di <a title="Leggi la definizione Wikipedia" href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" target="_blank">DNS</a> alternativi il discorso ricadeva quasi sempre sul servizio OpenDNS che da qualche tempo allieta la navigazione di moltissimi utenti, in questi giorni però ha fatto capolino sul panorana <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/dns/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con DNS">DNS</a> il colosso del web; stiamo parlando del servizio GoogleDNS che con i suoi due indirizzi <strong>8.8.8.8</strong> e <strong>8.8.4.4</strong> promette di fornire un servizio di prima qualità. La cosa bella è che questi indirizzi risultano essere facilmente memorizzabili. Sono quattro volte 8 e &#8220;otto diviso due&#8221;. Con questa tecnica non è difficile potersi appoggiare a DNS pubblici ovunque ci si trovi, anche qualora non si abbia un modo per risolvere gli indirizzi Internet e si voglia far funzionare una connessione. Succede più spesso di quanto si possa immaginare.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-844" title="Richiesta per la risoluzione di un indirizzo DNS" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/DNS_request.gif" alt="DNS request GoogleDNS contro OpenDNS" width="539" height="286" /></p>
<p><span id="more-837"></span></p>
<blockquote><p>Since <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/google/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Google">Google</a>&#8217;s search engine already crawls the web on a daily basis and in the process resolves and caches DNS information, we wanted to  leverage our technology to experiment with new ways of addressing some of the  existing DNS challenges around performance and security. We are offering the service to the public in the hope of achieving the following aims:</p>
<ul>
<li>Provide end users with <strong>an alternative to their current DNS service</strong>. Google Public DNS takes some new approaches that we believe offer more valid results, increased security, and, in most cases, <strong>better performance</strong>.</li>
<li>Help reduce the load on ISPs&#8217; DNS servers. By taking advantage of our <strong>global data-center</strong> and <strong>caching infrastructure</strong>, we can directly serve large numbers of user requests without having to query other DNS resolvers.</li>
<li>Help make the web faster and more secure. We are launching this experimental service to test some new ways to approach DNS-related challenges. We hope to share what we learn with developers of DNS resolvers and the broader web community and get their feedback.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Performance</strong>. Many DNS service providers are not sufficiently provisioned to be able to support high-volume input/output and caching, and adequately balance load among their servers. In addition to load-balancing user traffic to ensure shared caching, <strong>Google Public DNS implements &#8220;smart&#8221; caching to increase the speed of responses.</strong> Google Public DNS independently resolves domain names and keeps the resolutions in the cache until their time-to-live (TTL) expires, at which point they are automatically refreshed. The cycle of caching and refreshing is performed offline, asynchronously with user requests, so that responses are almost always available directly from cache. For more information, see the page on <a href="http://code.google.com/speed/public-dns/docs/performance.html">performance benefits</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p><span id="more-2537"> </span></p>
<p>Scegliere il miglior servizio tra i due non è cosa semplice, si dovrebbero misurare le velocità in modo accurato e preciso considerando anche le zone geografiche di misurazione.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/DNS_Server_Client.gif" rel="lightbox[837]"><img class="size-medium wp-image-841  aligncenter" title="Schema di richiesta di indirizzo tramite DNS " src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/DNS_Server_Client-281x300.gif" alt="DNS Server Client 281x300 GoogleDNS contro OpenDNS" width="281" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>Fortunatamente sul web esistono delle persone volenterose che si prendono la briga di dar vita ad iniziative serie come quella di un blogger che ha dato il via ad un campagna di misurazione delle velocità dei due servizi fornendo anche il materiale software atto a permettere la rilevazione dei dati anche a persone in locazioni differenti rispetto alla sua.<br />
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I risultati sono per certi versi sorprendenti:</p>
<table id="wptable-44" style="width: 445px; height: 539px;" border="0" cellspacing="1">
<caption style="text-align: left;">Google DNS vs Open DNS</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="width: 150px;" align="left">Paese</th>
<th style="width: 150px;" align="left">Vincitore</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Argentina</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Australia</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Austria</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Bahrain</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Brazil</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Canada</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">OpenDNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Costa Rica</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie (Adv. Google)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Czech Republic</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">France</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Germany</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Hong Kong</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Iceland</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">OpenDNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">India</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Ireland</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left"><strong>Italia</strong></td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left"><strong>Google</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Japan</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Mexico</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Netherlands</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Norway</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Portugal</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">OpenDNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Saudi Arabia</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Tie (Adv. OpenDNS)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Slovenia</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Spain</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">OpenDNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Sweden</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Switzerland</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">United Kingdom</td>
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">OpenDNS</td>
</tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<td style="width: 150px;" align="left">United States</td>
<td style="width: 150px; text-align: left;">OpenDN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Google sembra riuscire a fornire un servizio miglio rispetto ad OpenDNS in moltissimi paesi compreso il nostro.</p>
<p>Consiglierei a tutti l’adozione di questi indirizzi DNS se non fosse per i grandi problemi di controllo del traffico che si possono immaginare, Google è una grande collezionatrice di dati utente che usa per i proprio fini commerciali ed i DNS sono una fonte pressochè infinita di questi dati.</p>
<p>Cambiare i record DNS su Linux</p>
<p>Apriamo da root il file /etc/resolv.conf:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># vi /etc/resolv.conf</span></pre></div></div>

<p>Se ci fossero righe con la definizione di nameserver commentiamole con un # all&#8217;inizio per poterle poi ripristinare in seguito. Aggiungiamo i record DNS di Google inserendo queste due righe:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4</pre></div></div>

<p>Salviamo e riavviamo i servizi di rete per rendere le modifiche effettive.</p>
<p>Possiamo poi confrontare le prestazioni dei server DNS (via <a title="Leggi il twit" href="http://twitter.com/Idl3/status/6635989723" target="_blank">@Idl3 twit</a>) con questo script <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/bash/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Bash">bash</a>:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># Author: Luca Zorzi </span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># License: CC Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)</span>
<span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># A little script to compare 2 DNS servers</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;$#&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">!</span>= <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;2&quot;</span> <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">then</span>
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;USAGE: $0 dns-server-1 dns-server-2&quot;</span>
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">exit</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">fi</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #007800;">start</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">date</span> +<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">%</span>s<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
&nbsp;
sites<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;google.com&quot;</span>
sites<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">2</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;ubuntu.com&quot;</span>
sites<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">3</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;kernel.org&quot;</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #007800;">dns_index</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">0</span>;
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">for</span> DNS <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #007800;">$1</span> <span style="color: #007800;">$2</span>
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">do</span>
 <span style="color: #007800;">dns_index</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$dns_index</span> + 1&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
 dns_average<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #007800;">$dns_index</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">0</span>;
 <span style="color: #007800;">site_index</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">0</span>;
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">for</span> site <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">${sites[@]}</span>&quot;</span>;
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">do</span>
  <span style="color: #007800;">site_index</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$site_index</span> + 1&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
  <span style="color: #007800;">total</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">0</span>
  <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">for</span> n <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> <span style="color: #000000;">2</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span> <span style="color: #000000;">4</span> <span style="color: #000000;">5</span>
  <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">do</span>
   <span style="color: #007800;">result</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">dig</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">@</span><span style="color: #007800;">$DNS</span> <span style="color: #007800;">$site</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">grep</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;Query time&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">awk</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">'{print $4}'</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
   <span style="color: #007800;">total</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$total</span> + <span style="color: #007800;">$result</span>&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
  <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">done</span>
  <span style="color: #007800;">old_avg</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">${dns_average[$dns_index]}</span>
  dns_average<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #007800;">$dns_index</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$old_avg</span> + <span style="color: #007800;">$total</span>&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">done</span>
  <span style="color: #007800;">total</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">${dns_average[$dns_index]}</span>
  average<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #007800;">$dns_index</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$total</span> / (<span style="color: #007800;">$site_index</span> * 5)&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">done</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #007800;">end</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">date</span> +<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">%</span>s<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
<span style="color: #007800;">runtime</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;<span style="color: #007800;">$end</span> - <span style="color: #007800;">$start</span>&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">|</span> <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">bc</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">`</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;TEST FINISHED&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;Run time: <span style="color: #007800;">$runtime</span> seconds&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;Testing $1 vs. $2&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;----------------------------------&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;$1 average: <span style="color: #007800;">${average[1]}</span> ms&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;$2 average: <span style="color: #007800;">${average[2]}</span> ms&quot;</span></pre></div></div>

<p>Script creato da Luca Zorzi e pubblicato in <a href="http://lublog.tuttoeniente.net/archives/296/confrontare-le-prestazioni-di-due-server-dns" target="_blank">quest&#8217;articolo</a>, che vi invito a leggere per i dettagli e per il download diretto dello script sh.</p>
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<br />
Questo articolo è stato liberamente tratto e modificato da <a title="Leggi l'articolo originale" href="http://www.linuxedintorni.org/archives/2537" target="_blank">linuxedintorni.org</a> secondo i termini della licenza <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/it/" target="_blank">Creative Commons by-nc-sa 2.5</a>. Originariamente ispirato da questo articolo su <a href="http://blog.browsermob.com/2009/12/google-public-dns-vs-opendns-vs-your-isps-dns-measuring-performance/" target="_blank">BrowserMob.com</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/googledns-contro-opendns/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Noi siamo Linux</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/noi-siamo-linux/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/noi-siamo-linux/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Dec 2009 12:11:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Computer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=820</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Siamo noi a fare Linux. La collaborazione e l&#8217;espansione virale producono un sistema unico e molteplice al tempo stesso. Ogni utente ha la massima libertà e può capire fino in fondo cosa accade nel suo computer personalizzandolo a piacimento e adattandolo all&#8217;architettura hardware che possiede. Questo è Linux ed è bellissimo.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Siamo noi a fare Linux. La collaborazione e l&#8217;espansione virale producono un sistema unico e molteplice al tempo stesso. Ogni utente ha la massima libertà e può capire fino in fondo cosa accade nel suo <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/computer/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Computer">computer</a> personalizzandolo a piacimento e adattandolo all&#8217;architettura hardware che possiede. Questo è Linux ed è bellissimo.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/noi-siamo-linux/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/-1_ksOloDbg/default.jpg" width="130" height="97" border title="Noi siamo Linux" alt="default Noi siamo Linux" /></a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Imprimere i sottotitoli con Mencoder</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/imprimere-i-sottotitoli-con-mencoder/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/imprimere-i-sottotitoli-con-mencoder/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Dec 2009 16:10:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Multimedia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=812</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Aggiungere dei sottotitoli imprimendoli nel flusso video per farli poi visualizzare anche su dispositivi stand-alone con MENCODER.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Se avete un filmato a cui volete aggiungere dei sottotitoli imprimendoli nel flusso <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a> c&#8217;è un modo semplice e veloce per farlo: utilizzare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEncoder" target="_blank">mencoder</a>. Mencoder è un codificatore/decodificatore sviluppato unitamente al famoso player <a href="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/design7/info.html" target="_blank">Mplayer</a>. Mencoder è un programma da linea di comando e non ha un&#8217;interfaccia grafica. Vi assicuro però che risulta essere superiore a molti tool con interfaccia grafica che potrete trovare in giro, anche per <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/windows/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Windows">Windows</a> e Mac.</p>
<p>Può sembrare ostico a prima vista, ma se ci si mette qualche minuto per capire come esso funzioni lo si può utilizzare agevolmente per codificare o decodificare flussi video. Se volete approfondire l&#8217;utilizzo di Mencoder potete dare un&#8217;occhiata alla <a href="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/mencoder.html" target="_blank">guida di base</a> e a quella <a href="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/HTML/en/encoding-guide.html" target="_blank">avanzata</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Video_Hardsub.jpg" rel="lightbox[812]"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-818" title="Video Hardsub" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Video_Hardsub-300x158.jpg" alt="Video Hardsub 300x158 Imprimere i sottotitoli con Mencoder" width="300" height="158" /></a></p>
<p>Per effettuare quello che viene chiamato hardsub dei sottotitoli bisogna ricodificare il flusso video inserendo i sottotitoli in formato srt, ass o altro. Affinché ciò avvenga in maniera desiderata bisogna specificare quale carattere utilizzare: deve essere presente il file <strong>subfont.ttf </strong>in “~/.mplayer” che definisce i caratteri da usare per i sottotitoli, mentre la grandezza dei caratteri si controlla con “-subfont-text-scale x”. Io vi invito ad utilizzare un carattere bold della famiglia Dejavu. Lo rinominate e lo posizionate nella specifica cartella.</p>
<p>Fatto ciò non rimane altro che ricodificare con i sottotitoli dando il comando:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">mencoder FILE_ORIGINALE.avi <span style="color: #660033;">-ovc</span> xvid <span style="color: #660033;">-xvidencopts</span> <span style="color: #007800;">fixed_quant</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">4</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-o</span> FILE_CON_SUB.avi <span style="color: #660033;">-oac</span> copy <span style="color: #660033;">-sub</span> SOTTOTITOLI.srt <span style="color: #660033;">-subfont-text-scale</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span></pre></div></div>

<ul>
<li><strong>fixed_quant</strong>=3 qualità del video (1 alta, 3 normale, 5 scarsa)</li>
<li><strong>subfont-text-scale</strong> 4 grandezza del font da 1 a 5 (3 e 4 vanno benissimo)</li>
<li><strong>subpos</strong> &lt;0-100&gt; posizione dei sottotitoli nello schermo in % rispetto altezza</li>
<li><strong>subalign</strong> &lt;0-2&gt; 0 in alto, 1 al centro, 2 in basso</li>
<li><strong>sub-bg-alpha</strong> &lt;0-100&gt; trasparenza dei sottotitoli, 0 massima trasparenza, 100 nessuna trasparenza. La trasparenza credo sia riferita alla banda nera su cui vengono aggiunti i sottotitoli e non ai font. Infatti non usando questa opzione non c’è nessuna banda nera (valore di default 0), mentre l’aggiunta del parametro con valore 100 (nessuna trasparenza) crea la banda nera.</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-812"></span><br />
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<h2>Vediamo anche le <strong>opzioni del codec Xvid</strong>:</h2>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="95%"><strong>xvidenc (−xvidencopts)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%">There are three modes available: constant bitrate (CBR), fixed quantizer and two pass.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>pass=&lt;1|2&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Specify the pass in two pass mode.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>turbo (two pass only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Dramatically speeds up pass one using faster algorithms and disabling CPU-intensive options. This will probably reduce global PSNR a little bit and change individual frame type and PSNR a little bit more.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>bitrate=&lt;value&gt; (CBR or two pass mode)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Sets the bitrate to be used in kbits/second if &lt;16000 or in bits/second if &gt;16000. If &lt;value&gt; is negative, Xvid will use its absolute value as the target size (in kBytes) of the video and compute the associated bitrate automagically (default: 687 kbits/s).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>fixed_quant=&lt;1−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Switch to fixed quantizer mode and specify the quantizer to be used.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>zones=&lt;zone0&gt;[/&lt;zone1&gt;[/...]] (CBR or two pass mode)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">User specified quality for specific parts (ending, credits, &#8230;). Each zone is &lt;start-frame&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;,&lt;value&gt; where &lt;mode&gt; may be</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- TABS --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="2%">q</td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="66%">Constant quantizer override, where value=&lt;2.0−31.0&gt; represents the quantizer value.</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="2%">w</td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="66%">Ratecontrol weight override, where value=&lt;0.01−2.00&gt; represents the quality correction in %.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="20%"></td>
<td width="79%"><em>EXAMPLE:</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">zones=90000,q,20</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">Encodes all frames starting with frame 90000 at constant quantizer 20.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">zones=0,w,0.1/10001,w,1.0/90000,q,20</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">Encode frames 0−10000 at 10% bitrate, encode frames 90000 up to the end at constant quantizer 20. Note that the second zone is needed to delimit the first zone, as without it everything up until frame 89999 would be encoded at 10% bitrate.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>me_quality=&lt;0−6&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This option controls the motion estimation subsystem. The higher the value, the more precise the estimation should be (default: 6). The more precise the motion estimation is, the more bits can be saved. Precision is gained at the expense of CPU time so decrease this setting if you need realtime encoding.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)qpel</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">MPEG-4 uses a half pixel precision for its motion search by default. The standard proposes a mode where encoders are allowed to use quarter pixel precision. This option usually results in a sharper image. Unfortunately it has a great impact on bitrate and sometimes the higher bitrate use will prevent it from giving a better image quality at a fixed bitrate. It is better to test with and without this option and see whether it is worth activating.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)gmc</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Enable Global Motion Compensation, which makes Xvid generate special frames (GMC-frames) which are well suited for Pan/Zoom/ Rotating images. Whether or not the use of this option will save bits is highly dependent on the source material.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)trellis</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Trellis Quantization is a kind of adaptive quantization method that saves bits by modifying quantized coefficients to make them more compressible by the entropy encoder. Its impact on quality is good, and if VHQ uses too much CPU for you, this setting can be a good alternative to save a few bits (and gain quality at fixed bitrate) at a lesser cost than with VHQ (default: on).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)cartoon</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Activate this if your encoded sequence is an anime/cartoon. It modifies some Xvid internal thresholds so Xvid takes better decisions on frame types and motion vectors for flat looking cartoons.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)chroma_me</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">The usual motion estimation algorithm uses only the luminance information to find the best motion vector. However for some video material, using the chroma planes can help find better vectors. This setting toggles the use of chroma planes for motion estimation (default: on).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)chroma_opt</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Enable a chroma optimizer prefilter. It will do some extra magic on color information to minimize the stepped-stairs effect on edges. It will improve quality at the cost of encoding speed. It reduces PSNR by nature, as the mathematical deviation to the original picture will get bigger, but the subjective image quality will raise. Since it works with color information, you might want to turn it off when encoding in grayscale.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)hq_ac</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Activates high-quality prediction of AC coefficients for intra frames from neighbor blocks (default: on).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>vhq=&lt;0−4&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">The motion search algorithm is based on a search in the usual color domain and tries to find a motion vector that minimizes the difference between the reference frame and the encoded frame. With this setting activated, Xvid will also use the frequency domain (DCT) to search for a motion vector that minimizes not only the spatial difference but also the encoding length of the block. Fastest to slowest:</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- TABS --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="1%">0</td>
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="58%">off</td>
<td width="2%"></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="1%">1</td>
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="58%">mode decision (inter/intra MB) (default)</td>
<td width="2%"></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="1%">2</td>
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="58%">limited search</td>
<td width="2%"></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="1%">3</td>
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="58%">medium search</td>
<td width="2%"></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="26%"></td>
<td width="1%">4</td>
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="58%">wide search</td>
<td width="2%"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)lumi_mask</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Adaptive quantization allows the macroblock quantizers to vary inside each frame. This is a ’psychosensory’ setting that is supposed to make use of the fact that the human eye tends to notice fewer details in very bright and very dark parts of the picture. It compresses those areas more strongly than medium ones, which will save bits that can be spent again on other frames, raising overall subjective quality and possibly reducing PSNR.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)grayscale</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Make Xvid discard chroma planes so the encoded video is grayscale only. Note that this does not speed up encoding, it just prevents chroma data from being written in the last stage of encoding.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)interlacing</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Encode the fields of interlaced video material. Turn this option on for interlaced content.<em><br />
NOTE:</em> Should you rescale the video, you would need an interlace-aware resizer, which you can activate with −vf scale=&lt;width&gt;:&lt;height&gt;:1.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>min_iquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">minimum I-frame quantizer (default: 2)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_iquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">maximum I-frame quantizer (default: 31)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>min_pquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">minimum P-frame quantizer (default: 2)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_pquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">maximum P-frame quantizer (default: 31)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>min_bquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">minimum B-frame quantizer (default: 2)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_bquant=&lt;0−31&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">maximum B-frame quantizer (default: 31)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>min_key_interval=&lt;value&gt; (two pass only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">minimum interval between keyframes (default: 0)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_key_interval=&lt;value&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">maximum interval between keyframes (default: 10*fps)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>quant_type=&lt;h263|mpeg&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Sets the type of quantizer to use. For high bitrates, you will find that MPEG quantization preserves more detail. For low bitrates, the smoothing of H.263 will give you less block noise. When using custom matrices, MPEG quantization <strong>must</strong> be used.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>quant_intra_matrix=&lt;filename&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Load a custom intra matrix file. You can build such a file with xvid4conf’s matrix editor.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>quant_inter_matrix=&lt;filename&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Load a custom inter matrix file. You can build such a file with xvid4conf’s matrix editor.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>keyframe_boost=&lt;0−1000&gt; (two pass mode only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Shift some bits from the pool for other frame types to intra frames, thus improving keyframe quality. This amount is an extra percentage, so a value of 10 will give your keyframes 10% more bits than normal (default: 0).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>kfthreshold=&lt;value&gt; (two pass mode only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Works together with kfreduction. Determines the minimum distance below which you consider that two frames are considered consecutive and treated differently according to kfreduction (default: 10).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>kfreduction=&lt;0−100&gt; (two pass mode only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">The above two settings can be used to adjust the size of keyframes that you consider too close to the first (in a row). kfthreshold sets the range in which keyframes are reduced, and kfreduction determines the bitrate reduction they get. The last I-frame will get treated normally (default: 30).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_bframes=&lt;0−4&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Maximum number of B-frames to put between I/P-frames (default: 2).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>bquant_ratio=&lt;0−1000&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">quantizer ratio between B- and non-B-frames, 150=1.50 (default: 150)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>bquant_offset=&lt;−1000−1000&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">quantizer offset between B- and non-B-frames, 100=1.00 (default: 100)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>bf_threshold=&lt;−255−255&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This setting allows you to specify what priority to place on the use of B-frames. The higher the value, the higher the probability of B-frames being used (default: 0). Do not forget that B-frames usually have a higher quantizer, and therefore aggressive production of B-frames may cause worse visual quality.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)closed_gop</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This option tells Xvid to close every GOP (Group Of Pictures bounded by two I-frames), which makes GOPs independent from each other. This just implies that the last frame of the GOP is either a P-frame or a N-frame but not a B-frame. It is usually a good idea to turn this option on (default: on).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)packed</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This option is meant to solve frame-order issues when encoding to container formats like AVI that cannot cope with out-of-order frames. In practice, most decoders (both software and hardware) are able to deal with frame-order themselves, and may get confused when this option is turned on, so you can safely leave if off, unless you really know what you are doing.<em><br />
WARNING:</em> This will generate an illegal bitstream, and will not be decodable by ISO-MPEG-4 decoders except DivX/libavcodec/ Xvid.<em><br />
WARNING:</em> This will also store a fake DivX version in the file so the bug autodetection of some decoders might be confused.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>frame_drop_ratio=&lt;0−100&gt; (max_bframes=0 only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This setting allows the creation of variable framerate video streams. The value of the setting specifies a threshold under which, if the difference of the following frame to the previous frame is below or equal to this threshold, a frame gets not coded (a so called n-vop is placed in the stream). On playback, when reaching an n-vop the previous frame will be displayed.<em><br />
WARNING:</em> Playing with this setting may result in a jerky video, so use it at your own risks!</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>rc_reaction_delay_factor=&lt;value&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This parameter controls the number of frames the CBR rate controller will wait before reacting to bitrate changes and compensating for them to obtain a constant bitrate over an averaging range of frames.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>rc_averaging_period=&lt;value&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Real CBR is hard to achieve. Depending on the video material, bitrate can be variable, and hard to predict. Therefore Xvid uses an averaging period for which it guarantees a given amount of bits (minus a small variation). This settings expresses the &#8220;number of frames&#8221; for which Xvid averages bitrate and tries to achieve CBR.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>rc_buffer=&lt;value&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">size of the rate control buffer</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>curve_compression_high=&lt;0−100&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This setting allows Xvid to take a certain percentage of bits away from high bitrate scenes and give them back to the bit reservoir. You could also use this if you have a clip with so many bits allocated to high-bitrate scenes that the low(er)-bitrate scenes start to look bad (default: 0).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>curve_compression_low=&lt;0−100&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This setting allows Xvid to give a certain percentage of extra bits to the low bitrate scenes, taking a few bits from the entire clip. This might come in handy if you have a few low-bitrate scenes that are still blocky (default: 0).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>overflow_control_strength=&lt;0−100&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">During pass one of two pass encoding, a scaled bitrate curve is computed. The difference between that expected curve and the result obtained during encoding is called overflow. Obviously, the two pass rate controller tries to compensate for that overflow, distributing it over the next frames. This setting controls how much of the overflow is distributed every time there is a new frame. Low values allow lazy overflow control, big rate bursts are compensated for more slowly (could lead to lack of precision for small clips). Higher values will make changes in bit redistribution more abrupt, possibly too abrupt if you set it too high, creating artifacts (default: 5).<em><br />
NOTE:</em> This setting impacts quality a lot, play with it carefully!</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_overflow_improvement=&lt;0−100&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">During the frame bit allocation, overflow control may increase the frame size. This parameter specifies the maximum percentage by which the overflow control is allowed to increase the frame size, compared to the ideal curve allocation (default: 5).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>max_overflow_degradation=&lt;0−100&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">During the frame bit allocation, overflow control may decrease the frame size. This parameter specifies the maximum percentage by which the overflow control is allowed to decrease the frame size, compared to the ideal curve allocation (default: 5).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>container_frame_overhead=&lt;0&#8230;&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Specifies a frame average overhead per frame, in bytes. Most of the time users express their target bitrate for video w/o taking care of the video container overhead. This small but (mostly) constant overhead can cause the target file size to be exceeded. Xvid allows users to set the amount of overhead per frame the container generates (give only an average per frame). 0 has a special meaning, it lets Xvid use its own default values (default: 24 − AVI average overhead).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>profile=&lt;profile_name&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Restricts options and VBV (peak bitrate over a short period) according to the Simple, Advanced Simple and DivX profiles. The resulting videos should be playable on standalone players adhering to these profile specifications.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">unrestricted</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">no restrictions (default)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">sp0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">simple profile at level 0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">sp1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">simple profile at level 1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
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<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">sp2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">simple profile at level 2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">sp3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">simple profile at level 3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
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<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">asp5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">advanced simple profile at level 5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnhandheld</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN handheld profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnportntsc</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN portable NTSC profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnportpal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN portable PAL profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnhtntsc</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN home theater NTSC profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnhtpal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN home theater PAL profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">dxnhdtv</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">DXN HDTV profile</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="20%"></td>
<td width="79%"><em>NOTE:</em> These profiles should be used in conjunction with an appropriate −ffourcc. Generally DX50 is applicable, as some players do not recognize Xvid but most recognize DivX.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>par=&lt;mode&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Specifies the Pixel Aspect Ratio mode (not to be confused with DAR, the Display Aspect Ratio). PAR is the ratio of the width and height of a single pixel. So both are related like this: DAR = PAR * (width/height).<br />
MPEG-4 defines 5 pixel aspect ratios and one extended one, giving the opportunity to specify a specific pixel aspect ratio. 5 standard modes can be specified:</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">vga11</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">It is the usual PAR for PC content. Pixels are a square unit.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">pal43</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">PAL standard 4:3 PAR. Pixels are rectangles.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">pal169</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">same as above</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">ntsc43</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">same as above</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">ntsc169</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">same as above (Do not forget to give the exact ratio.)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="24%"></td>
<td width="75%">ext</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="33%"></td>
<td width="66%">Allows you to specify your own pixel aspect ratio with par_width and par_height.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="20%"></td>
<td width="79%"><em>NOTE:</em> In general, setting aspect and autoaspect options is enough.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>par_width=&lt;1−255&gt; (par=ext only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Specifies the width of the custom pixel aspect ratio.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>par_height=&lt;1−255&gt; (par=ext only)</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Specifies the height of the custom pixel aspect ratio.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>aspect=&lt;x/y | f (float value)&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Store movie aspect internally, just like MPEG files. Much nicer solution than rescaling, because quality is not decreased. MPlayer and a few others players will play these files correctly, others will display them with the wrong aspect. The aspect parameter can be given as a ratio or a floating point number.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>(no)autoaspect</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Same as the aspect option, but automatically computes aspect, taking into account all the adjustments (crop/expand/scale/ etc.) made in the filter chain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>psnr</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Print the PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) for the whole video after encoding and store the per frame PSNR in a file with a name like ’psnr_hhmmss.log’ in the current directory. Returned values are in dB (decibel), the higher the better.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>debug</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Save per-frame statistics in ./xvid.dbg. (This is not the two pass control file.)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%">The following option is only available in Xvid 1.1.x.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>bvhq=&lt;0|1&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">This setting allows vector candidates for B-frames to be used for the encoding chosen using a rate distortion optimized operator, which is what is done for P-frames by the vhq option. This produces nicer-looking B-frames while incurring almost no performance penalty (default: 1).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%">The following option is only available in the 1.2.x version of Xvid.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="10%"></td>
<td width="89%"><strong>threads=&lt;0−n&gt;</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!-- INDENTATION --></p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" frame="void" rules="none">
<tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top">
<td width="21%"></td>
<td width="77%">Create n threads to run the motion estimation (default: 0). The maximum number of threads that can be used is the picture height divided by 16.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>La documentazione sui codec potete trovarla alla pagina del <a href="http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/man/en/mplayer.1.html" target="_blank">man di mplayer</a>. Per <strong>utilizzare al meglio una CPU multicore</strong> basta aggiungere come opzione threads=NUMERO_CORE. Nel nostro caso bisognerebbe modificare il codice come segue:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">mencoder FILE_ORIGINALE.avi <span style="color: #660033;">-ovc</span> xvid <span style="color: #660033;">-xvidencopts</span> <span style="color: #007800;">fixed_quant</span>=<span style="color: #000000;">4</span>:<span style="color: #007800;">threads</span>=NUMERO_CORE <span style="color: #660033;">-o</span> FILE_CON_SUB.avi <span style="color: #660033;">-oac</span> copy <span style="color: #660033;">-sub</span> SOTTOTITOLI.srt <span style="color: #660033;">-subfont-text-scale</span> <span style="color: #000000;">3</span></pre></div></div>

]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Come comprimere i pdf con pdftk e gs</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/come-comprimere-pdf-con-pdftk-gs/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/come-comprimere-pdf-con-pdftk-gs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 10:58:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bash]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=795</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Con due comandi si può ricomprimere un file pdf rendendolo piccolissimo]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Capita spesso di trovarsi a dover inviare dei file pdf di dimensioni a volte spropositate e di non avere a disposizione molta banda in upload o spazio FTP sufficiente a contenere tali file. Nella maggior parte dei casi si ha solo bisogno di leggere un pdf e non avere necessità di qualità elevatissime. In tali occasioni basta semplicemente munirsi degli strumenti giusti e con due righe di codice possiamo comprimere il nostro file in maniera notevolissima.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-801" title="Logo PDF" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/pdflogo.jpg" alt="pdflogo Come comprimere i pdf con pdftk e gs" width="254" height="340" /></p>
<p>Prima di tutto ci serve avere installato <a href="http://www.accesspdf.com/pdftk/" target="_blank">pdftk</a>, un programma dalle moltissime funzioni che troverete nella maggior parte dei repository delle varie distribuzioni. Oltre a questo programma serve anche Ghostscript (che da linea di comando richiamate con <strong>gs</strong>); questo si trova quasi sempre già presente nel sistema.</p>
<p><span id="more-795"></span>La prima operazione è convertire in <strong>ps</strong> il file di origine per ricavarne un file molto grande ma che comprimeremo con pdftk e poi di nuovo con gs.</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">pdf2ps originale.pdf file_enorme.ps
<span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">ps2pdf</span> file_enorme.ps prima_compressione.pdf</pre></div></div>

<blockquote><p>The ps2pdf scripts are work-alikes for nearly all the functionality (but not the user interface) of Adobe’s Acrobat(TM) Distiller(TM) product: they convert PostScript files to Portable Document Format (PDF)<br />
files.</p>
<p>If the output filename is not specified, the output is placed is a file of the same name with a ’.pdf’ extension. Either the input filename or the output filename can be ’-’ to request reading from stdin or<br />
writing to stdout, respectively, when used as a filter.</p>
<p>The three scripts differ as follows:</p>
<p>-      ps2pdf12 will always produce PDF 1.2 output (Acrobat 3-and-later compatible).</p>
<p>-      ps2pdf13 will always produce PDF 1.3 output (Acrobat 4-and-later compatible).</p>
<p>-      <strong>ps2pdf  per  se currently produces PDF 1.4 output</strong>.  However, this may change in the future. If you care about the compatibility level of the output, use ps2pdf12 or ps2pdf13, or use the -dCompatibil-<br />
ity=1.x switch in the command line.</p></blockquote>
<p>Il file di partenza su cui ho testato questo primo step era di 18.1 MB che, dopo la riconversione con ps2pdf, pesava solo 5.7 MB. Fatto ciò ho ricompresso nuovamente il file, ma utilizzando direttamente gs con questo comando:</p>

<div class="wp_syntax"><div class="code"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;"><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">gs</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-dBATCH</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-dNOPAUSE</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-q</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-sDEVICE</span>=pdfwrite <span style="color: #660033;">-dPDFSETTINGS</span>=<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span><span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">screen</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-sOutputFile</span>=seconda_compressione.pdf prima_compressione.pdf</pre></div></div>

<p>Il parametro di nostro interesse nella riconversione è -dPDFSETTINGS che ha queste possibili opzioni:</p>
<blockquote><p>-dPDFSETTINGS=/screen   (screen-view-only quality, 72 dpi images)<br />
-dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook    (low quality, 150 dpi images)<br />
-dPDFSETTINGS=/printer  (high quality, 300 dpi images)<br />
-dPDFSETTINGS=/prepress (high quality, color preserving, 300 dpi imgs)<br />
-dPDFSETTINGS=/default  (almost identical to /screen)</p></blockquote>
<p>La lista completa delle possibili opzioni la trovate qui: <a href="http://milan.kupcevic.net/ghostscript-ps-pdf/" target="_blank">http://milan.kupcevic.net/ghostscript-ps-pdf/</a></p>
<p>Alla fine delle operazioni fin qui esposte il file pdf di 18 MB è stato compresso a <strong>4.3 MB</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Via:</strong> <a href="http://bglugvs.web3king.com/?p=417" target="_blank">Compressione di file pdf</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ecco cosa accade quando arriva Google</title>
		<link>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/ecco-cosa-accade-quando-arriva-google/</link>
		<comments>http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/ecco-cosa-accade-quando-arriva-google/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 18:41:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>skydiamond</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Windows]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apple]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Video]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://blog.skydiamond.org/?p=787</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Un video che ironizza sulle differenze di Linux, Windows, Mac e Google.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nel simpatico <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/video/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Video">video</a> che segue si ironizza sui diversi sistemi operativi alla maniera della <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/apple/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Apple">Apple</a>. Ogni sistema operativo viene impersonato da qualcuno che ne ricorda le caratteristiche. In questo scontro verbale c&#8217;è il giovanile Mac, l&#8217;ingessato <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/windows/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Windows">Windows</a>, il secchione Linux, il vecchio e sbronzo Unix e il &#8220;grosso&#8221; <a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/tag/google/" class="st_tag internal_tag" rel="tag" title="Post taggati con Google">Google</a> che si trascina l&#8217;<em>amico</em> MySpace.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-790" title="Linux Mac Windows Google" src="http://blog.skydiamond.org/wp-content/Linux_Mac_Windows_Google.jpg" alt="Linux Mac Windows Google Ecco cosa accade quando arriva Google" width="314" height="207" /></p>
<p><span id="more-787"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://blog.skydiamond.org/linux/ecco-cosa-accade-quando-arriva-google/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/PBNV50vXzEI&amp;feature=player_embedded/default.jpg" width="130" height="97" border title="Ecco cosa accade quando arriva Google" alt="default Ecco cosa accade quando arriva Google" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Via</strong> <a href="http://linuxers.org/tech-videos/mac-vs-pc-vs-linux-vs-googlemyspace-vs-users" target="_blank">Linuxers.org</a> <a href="http://twitter.com/Idl3/status/6174590506" target="_blank">@Idl3</a></p>
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